"nuclear Power's Renaissance: Advanced Reactors And Their Role In A Low-carbon Future" - This article needs to be updated. The reason is: the effect of sanctions on Russia. Please help update this article to reflect live events or newly available information. (May 2022)
Since about 2001, the term nuclear renaissance has been used to refer to a possible revival of the nuclear power industry, fueled by rising fossil fuel prices and new concerns about meeting greenhouse gas emission limits.
"nuclear Power's Renaissance: Advanced Reactors And Their Role In A Low-carbon Future"
Nuclear growth is possible, but it cannot happen overnight. Nuclear projects face significant obstacles, including extended construction periods and associated risks, lengthy licensing processes and labor shortages, plus lingering issues of waste disposal, sprawl and local opposition. Financing new nuclear plants, especially in liberalized markets, has always been difficult and the financial crisis seems almost certain to have made it even more so. Huge capital requirements, combined with risks of cost overruns and regulatory uncertainties, make investors and seniors very cautious, even when demand growth is strong.[3]
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The World Nuclear Association reported that nuclear power generation in 2012 was at its lowest level since 1999.
In March 2017, there was a setback for the nuclear raissance when AP1000 reactor manufacturer Westinghouse Electric Company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.
Four months later, the bankruptcy, along with delays and cost overruns, caused the failure of two AP1000 reactors under construction at the Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Station.
The global energy crisis of 2022 has brought renewed interest in nuclear power due to its low carbon emissions, less need to import fuel and stable energy supply compared to wind and solar power. Countries have begun to reverse or delay their nuclear phase-out and more attention is being paid to newer technologies such as small modular reactors, with increased initiatives such as the European Union listing nuclear power as nuclear.
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Annual nuclear power generation in 2009 has been on a slight downward trend since 2007, decreasing by 1.8% in 2009 to 2558 TWh with nuclear power meeting 13–14% of global electricity demand.
The main factor behind the reduction is the extended repair of seven large reactors at the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear power plant in Japan following the Niigata-Chuetsu-Oki earthquake.
In March 2011, the nuclear accident at Japan's Fukushima I nuclear power plant and the shutdown of other nuclear facilities raised questions among some advocates about the future of growth.
Platts reported that "the crisis at Japan's Fukushima nuclear plants has prompted leading energy-consuming countries to reassess the safety of their existing reactors and call into question the speed and scope of planned expansions around the world."
Nuclear Power Plant
In 2011, Siems left the nuclear power sector following the Fukushima disaster and subsequent changes in German energy policy and supported the German government's planned energy transition to renewable energy technologies.
And the Philippines overhauled its nuclear power programs. Indonesia and Vietnam are still planning to build nuclear power plants.
Countries such as Australia, Austria, Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Portugal, Israel, Malaysia, New Zealand and Norway remain opposed to nuclear power. After the Fukushima I nuclear accidents, the International Atomic Energy Agency cut in half its estimate of additional nuclear capacity built by 2035.
The World Nuclear Association reported that "nuclear power generation suffered its biggest one-year decline so far in 2012 as the bulk of Japan's fleet remained offline for an entire calendar year." Data from the International Atomic Energy Agency showed that nuclear power plants globally produced 2,346 TWh of electricity in 2012 - seven percent less than in 2011. The figures illustrate the effects of a full year of 48 Japanese power reactors that did not produce power for the year. The permanent shutdown of eight reactor units in Germany was also a factor. Problems at Crystal River, Fort Calhoun and the two San Onofre units in the US meant they did not generate electricity for an entire year, while in Belgium Doel 3 and Tihange 2 were out of service for six months. Compared to 2010, the nuclear industry produced 11% less electricity in 2012.
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As of July 2013, "a total of 437 nuclear reactors were operating in 30 countries, seven fewer than the all-time high of 444 in 2002. Since 2002, utilities have started 28 units and shut down 36, including six units at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant power plant in Japan. The world reactor fleet as of 2010 had a total nominal capacity of about 370 gigawatts (or thousands of megawatts). Despite the fact that in 2013 there were seven fewer units operating than in 2002, the capacity is still about 7 gigawatts higher."
The number of new operational reactors, final shutdowns and new construction starts according to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 2010 is as follows:
At the beginning of 2014, a total of 72 reactors were under construction, which is the highest number in the last 25 years.
Several reactors under construction are carryovers from earlier eras; some are partially completed reactors on which work has continued (eg in Argtina); some are small and experimental (eg Russian floating reactors); and some have been on the IAEA "under construction" list for years (eg in India and Russia).
Nuclear Power In The United States
The reactor projects in Eastern Europe are essentially replacing old Soviet reactors that were shut down for safety reasons. Most of the activity in 2010 ― 30 reactors ― took place in four countries: China, India, Russia and South Korea. Turkey, the United Arab Emirates and Iran are the only countries that are rapidly building their first power reactors, and Iran's construction began decades ago.
Eight German nuclear reactors (Biblis A and B, Brunsbuettel, Isar 1, Kruemmel, Neckarvestheim 1, Philippsburg 1 and Unterweser) were permanently closed on August 6, 2011, following the nuclear disaster in Fukushima, Japan.
Various obstacles to nuclear ascension have been proposed. These include: unfavorable economics compared to other energy sources,
And a significant number of new reactors are also being built in South Korea, India and Russia. At the same time, at least 100 older and smaller reactors "will most likely be shut down in the next 10-15 years."
France's Struggle To Deliver A Second Nuclear Era
Thus, expanded nuclear programs in Asia are balanced by the decommissioning of aging power plants and the abandonment of nuclear reactors.
A UBS study, published on April 12, 2011, predicted that around 30 nuclear power plants could be shut down worldwide, with those located in seismic zones or near national borders most likely to shut down.
Analysts believe that "pro-nuclear countries such as France will be forced to shut down at least two reactors to demonstrate political action and regain public acceptability of nuclear power," noting that the Fukushima evts "cast doubt on the idea that an advanced economy can master nuclear power." security".
In September 2011, German engineering giant Siemens announced that it would completely withdraw from the nuclear industry in response to the nuclear disaster in Fukushima, Japan.
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A 2011 report by the International Energy Agency stated that "rethinking nuclear power would have far-reaching consequences" and that a significant shift away from nuclear power would increase demand for fossil fuels, putting additional upward pressure on the price of energy, raising further concerns in relation to energy security and making the expansive fight against climate change difficult.
Reports suggest that the consequences would be most severe for nations with limited local energy resources and that plan to rely heavily on nuclear power for future energy security, and that it would make it significantly more challenging for developing economies to meet their rapidly growing demand for energy. electricity.
John Rowe, chairman of Exelon (the largest nuclear power producer in the US), said that the nuclear boom is "dead". He says solar, wind and cheap natural gas have significantly reduced the outlook for coal and nuclear power plants around the world. Amory Lovins says the sharp and steady decline in solar costs is a "stunning market success."
In 2013, analysts of the investment research firm Morningstar, Inc. they concluded that nuclear energy is not a viable source of new energy in the West. They wrote about the nuclear raissance:
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The economies of scale that France experienced during its initial construction and the associated strength of its supply chain and workforce were envisioned by the dreamers who coined the term "nuclear raissance" for the rest of the world. But outside of China and possibly South Korea, this concept seems like a fantasy, which should become clearer by examining all the theoretical projections for new nuclear construction today.[49] Economy [edit]
Nuclear power plants are large construction projects with very high initial costs. The cost of capital is also high due to the risk of delays in construction and obstruction of legal proceedings.
The high capital cost of nuclear power has been a key obstacle to building new reactors around the world, and the economic situation has just worsened as a result of the global financial crisis.
As the OECD's nuclear energy agency points out, "investors want to favor less capital-intensive and more flexible technologies."
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This has led to a large increase in the use of natural gas for baseload electricity generation, often using more sophisticated combined cycle plants.
After the nuclear disaster in Japan's Fukushima in 2011, the authorities closed 54 nuclear power plants in the country. As of 2013, the Fukushima site remains highly radioactive, with around 160,000 evacuees still living in temporary accommodation,
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